Qing dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Not to be confused with the Qin dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China. Qing dynasty. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi- cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state. The Qing dynasty (Chinese: Outils de recherche en ligne sur la m Tony Chiu Wai Leung, Actor: Ying xiong. Tony Leung Chiu Wai was born in Hong Kong on 27 June 1962. He and his younger sister were raised by their mother after his father left them. In 1982, after passing the training courses. Natural Traditional Chinese Martial Arts articles by Sal Canzonieri: This was my fourteenth column in Han Wei Wushu, it is about the history of Southern Shaolin martial arts - part 2. Han Wei Wushu Newsletter (February 1997. Tonification is a therapeutic treatment that nourishes and replenishes the qi, blood, yin and yang of the human body when they are deficient or weak. Dear members, You are facing today a closed door to tcmassistant.com. It was a hard decision. But life is short and I have an urge to embrace a new project. Over the years, hundreds of you have taken the time to write to me. Carbamazepine-Induced Toxic Effects and HLA-B*1502 Screening in Taiwan. Pei Chen, Ph.D., Juei-Jueng Lin, M.D., Chin-Song Lu, M.D., Cheung-Ter Ong, M.D., Peiyuan F. Hsieh, M.D., Chih-Chao Yang, M.D., Chih-Ta. The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen. Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing . Nurhaci formed the Jurchen clans into a unified entity, which became known as Manchus. By 1. 63. 6, his son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of Liaodong and declared a new dynasty, the Qing. In 1. 64. 4, peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the Ming capital Beijing. Rather than serve them, Ming general Wu Sangui made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by Prince Dorgon, who defeated the rebels and seized Beijing. The conquest of China proper was not completed until 1. Kangxi Emperor (r. The Ten Great Campaigns of the Qianlong Emperor from the 1. Also known as: Death Girl; Genre: Human.Qing control into Central Asia. While the early rulers maintained their Manchu ways, and while their official title was Emperor they were known as khans to the Mongols and patronized Tibetan Buddhism, they governed using Confucian styles and institutions of bureaucratic government. They retained the imperial examinations to recruit Han Chinese to work under or in parallel with Manchus. They also adapted the ideals of the tributary system in dealing with neighboring territories. The reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1. The population rose to some 4. Corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy, and ruling elites did not change their mindsets in the face of changes in the world system. Following the Opium War, European powers imposed unequal treaties, free trade, extraterritoriality and treaty ports under foreign control. The Taiping Rebellion (1. In spite of these disasters, in the Tongzhi Restoration of the 1. Han Chinese elites rallied to the defense of the Confucian order and the Qing rulers. The initial gains in the Self- Strengthening Movement were destroyed in the First Sino- Japanese War of 1. Qing lost its influence over Korea and the possession of Taiwan. New Armies were organized, but the ambitious Hundred Days' Reform of 1. Empress Dowager Cixi, a ruthless but capable leader. When the Scramble for Concessions by foreign powers triggered the violently anti- foreign Yihetuan (. Sun Yat- sen and other revolutionaries competed with reformers such as Liang Qichao and monarchists such as Kang Youwei to transform the Qing empire into a modern nation. After the death of Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor in 1. Manchu court alienated reformers and local elites alike. Local uprisings starting on October 1. Xinhai Revolution. Puyi, the last emperor, abdicated on February 1. Nurhaci declared himself the . His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1. The name may have been selected in reaction to the name of the Ming dynasty (. This association would justify the Qing conquest as defeat of fire by water. The water imagery of the new name may also have had Buddhist overtones of perspicacity and enlightenment and connections with the Bodhisattva Manjusri. The Manchu name daicing, which sounds like a phonetic rendering of D. Daicing gurun may therefore have meant . In the later part of the dynasty, however, even the Manchus themselves had forgotten this possible meaning. After conquering . The emperors equated the lands of the Qing state (including present- day Northeast China, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Tibet and other areas) as . The Qing emperors proclaimed that both Han and non- Han peoples were part of . The Manchus are sometimes mistaken for a nomadic people. Originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, Nurhachi embarked on an intertribal feud in 1. By 1. 61. 6, he had sufficiently consolidated Jianzhou so as to be able to proclaim himself Khan of the Great Jin in reference to the previous Jurchen dynasty. Two years later, Nurhachi announced the . After a series of successful battles, he relocated his capital from Hetu Ala to successively bigger captured Ming cities in Liaodong Peninsula: first Liaoyang in 1. Shenyang (Mukden) in 1. Relocating his court from Jianzhou to Liaodong provided Nurhachi access to more resources; it also brought him in close contact with the Khorchin Mongol domains on the plains of Mongolia. Although by this time the once- united Mongol nation had long since fragmented into individual and hostile tribes, these tribes still presented a serious security threat to the Ming borders. Nurhachi's policy towards the Khorchins was to seek their friendship and cooperation against the Ming, securing his western border from a powerful potential enemy. To guarantee this new alliance, Nurhachi initiated a policy of inter- marriages between the Jurchen and Khorchin nobilities, while those who resisted were met with military action. This is a typical example of Nurhachi's initiatives that eventually became official Qing government policy. During most of the Qing period, the Mongols gave military assistance to the Manchus. Han Chinese Generals who defected to the Manchu were often given women from the Imperial Aisin Gioro family in marriage while the ordinary soldiers who defected were often given non- royal Manchu women as wives. He died a few months later and was succeeded by his eighth son, Hong Taiji, who emerged after a short political struggle amongst other potential contenders as the new Khan. Although Hong Taiji was an experienced leader and the commander of two Banners at the time of his succession, his reign did not start well on the military front. The Jurchens suffered yet another defeat in 1. Yuan Chonghuan. As before, this defeat was, in part, due to the Ming's newly acquired Portuguese cannons. To redress the technological and numerical disparity, Hong Taiji in 1. Chinese: . In 1. 63. Manchus' Mongol allies were fully incorporated into a separate Banner hierarchy under direct Manchu command. Hong Taiji then proceeded in 1. Korea again. After the Second Manchu invasion of Korea, Joseon Korea was forced to give several of their royal princesses as concubines to the Qing Manchu regent Prince Dorgon. Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a series of battles from 1. Songshan and Jinzhou. This final victory resulted in the surrender of many of the Ming dynasty's most battle- hardened troops, the death of Yuan Chonghuan at the hands of the Chongzhen Emperor (who thought Yuan had betrayed him), and the complete and permanent withdrawal of the remaining Ming forces north of the Great Wall. Meanwhile, Hong Taiji set up a rudimentary bureaucratic system based on the Ming model. He established six boards or executive level ministries in 1. However, these administrative organs had very little role initially, and it was not until the eve of completing the conquest ten years later that they fulfilled their government roles. Hong Taiji's bureaucracy was staffed with many Han Chinese, including many newly surrendered Ming officials. The Manchus' continued dominance was ensured by an ethnic quota for top bureaucratic appointments. Hong Taiji's reign also saw a fundamental change of policy towards his Han Chinese subjects. Nurhaci had treated Han in Liaodong differently according to how much grain they had, those with less than 5 to 7 sin were treated like chattel while those with more than that amount were rewarded with property. Due to a revolt by Han in Liaodong in 1. Nurhachi, who previously gave concessions to conquered Han subjects in Liaodong, turned against them and ordered that they no longer be trusted; He enacted discriminatory policies and killings against them, while ordering that Han who assimilated to the Jurchen (in Jilin) before 1. Jurchens were and not like the conquered Han in Liaodong. Hong Taiji instead incorporated them into the Jurchen . By 1. 64. 8, less than one- sixth of the bannermen were of Manchu ancestry. Through these and other measures Hong Taiji was able to centralize power unto the office of the Khan, which in the long run prevented the Jurchen federation from fragmenting after his death. Hong Taiji recognized that Ming Han Chinese defectors were needed by the Manchus in order to assist in the conquest of the Ming, explaining to other Manchus why he needed to treat the Ming defector General Hong Chengchou leniently. The next year, when he is said to be presented with the imperial seal of the Yuan dynasty after the defeat of the last Khagan of the Mongols, Hong Taiji renamed his state from . Hanging scroll, ink and colour on silk. The Palace Museum, Beijing. Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1. As the Jurchens had traditionally . The leading contenders for power at this time were Hong Taiji's oldest son Hooge and Hong Taiji' half brother Dorgon. A compromise candidate in the person of Hong Taiji's five- year- old son, Fulin, was installed as the Shunzhi Emperor, with Dorgon as regent and de facto leader of the Manchu nation. Ming government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1. 64. 4, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official, who established a short- lived Shun dynasty. The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell, marking the official end of the dynasty. Li Zicheng then led a coalition of rebel forces numbering 2. Shanhai Pass is a pivotal pass of the Great Wall, located fifty miles northeast of Beijing, and for years its defenses kept the Manchus from directly raiding the Ming capital.
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